Mathematician Leonhard Euler’s Refutation of Pierre de Fermat’s Conjecture
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This is a 3 page paper discussing Euler’s refutation of Fermat’s conjecture. In 1637, French lawyer Pierre de Fermat wrote that he had “discovered a truly marvelous proof which this margin is too narrow to contain” in regards to a mathematical statement which had been unproven for over 1000 years. The basis of Fermat’s (“Last”) theorem or conjecture began with that of the Pythagoras equation [x.sup.2] + [y.sup.2] = [z.sup.2] which he proved “had an infinite set of whole number solutions” which related to the lengths of the sides of a right-angled triangle. Pythagoras did not know “how many solutions existed if the exponent in his equation were a number greater than 2”. Fermat claimed that “for any exponent greater than 2, there were no solutions at all”. During his lifetime however, Fermat often did not supply “proofs” of many of his theorems but many mathematicians since his time have been able to prove his claims to be correct except for that in relation to the Pythagoras equation. Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler (1707-1783) did however work further on many of Fermat’s theorems and “later proved that there are no solutions when the exponent is 3” and “unfortunately, an infinite number of cases remained and the case-by-case method was doomed to fail”. While Fermat’s Last Theorem proved to be difficult to prove, Euler managed to disprove and refute other assertions such as “2^(2^n) = p, where p is a prime number” and found that it is only true for the first four cases provided by Fermat. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TJEuler1.rtf

MATHEMATICS AND THE ART OF WAR
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This 8-page paper examines how mathematic applications have been used to help analyze and calcluate wars. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: MTmatwar.rtf

Mathematics in Investment: A Review of Two Trade Textbooks
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A 3 page overview of Nicholas Dunbar's "Inventing Money: The Story of Long-Term Capital Management and the Legends Behind It" and Roger Lowenstein's "When Genius Failed: The Rise and Fall of Long-Term Capital Management". Each of these books detail specific mathematical applications in the finance trade. The author of this paper explores their coverage of the Black-Scholes Formula and its role in the collapse of the massive hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPmathTx.rtf

Mathematics in Music
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This 5 page paper considers the way that maths can be seen as present in the subject off music. The paper looks at notation, frequencies and accounting as relevant subjects in this field. The paper is written to demonstrates the wide use of mathematics in many subjects. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEmathmu.wps

Mathematics in Sports
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An 11 page explanation of how mathematics are indeed an important tool in sports. Not only does an understanding of mathematics empower players by enabling them to use their body in the most effective manner to achieve optimum performance, mathematics are also useful in a diversity of other areas that are relevant to sports. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPmathSp.rtf

Mathematics Used in Accounting Practice
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This 3 page paper looks at the use of mathematics in accounting practice. Double entry bookkeeping is used as an example. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA344mth.rtf

METHODOLOGY, MATH AND THE SIXTH GRADE STUDENT
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This 4 page paper discusses the application and use of various curriculum for the sixth grade math student. Specific lesson plans discussed. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MBmath1.rtf

Napier's Life & Works
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A short, 3 page overview of the life & works of John Napier containing brief descriptions of his major works and other people also associated with the development of logarithms.
Filename: Napier3.wps

National Statistics And Local Decisions
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A 3 page paper that begins by briefly explaining what statistics is and the purpose of statistics. The essay discusses how easily it is to misuse statistics, using the example of national teacher salary averages. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGstsnt.RTF

Newton and Leibniz
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In this 7 page paper we look at how both of these men can be seen as the founders of calculus. The paper considers their ideas and the ways in which they were similar was well as the controversy over the publishing of these ideas. The bibliography cites 6 sources.
Filename: TEcalcul.wps

Newton’s Calculus
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A 6 page paper discussing events and conditions leading to Sir Isaac Newton’s development of calculus in the mid-17th century. An expansion of “Sir Isaac Newton” (PGnewton.rtf) that provides background information on Newton’s life and the dispute with Leibniz, this paper focuses on calculus and its significance during and after the time of its invention. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KSnewtonCalc.rtf

Number Theory / Chaos Theory
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A 10 page paper that presents the basics of chaos theory, including mathematical information in a historical context (theorists). The paper covers Lorenz, Ruelle and Takens, Benoit Mandelbrot, Einstein, Shaw and the Santa Cruz collaborative, and modern submissions. The paper concludes with a look at the possibilities of application of chaos theory to neural nets. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Chaosthy.wps

Pascal’s Triangle
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This 4 page paper provides an overview of the central elements of Pascal's triangle. Bibliography lists 4 sources
Filename: MHPascal.rtf

Pascal’s Triangle
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This 4 page paper provides an overview of the central elements of Pascal's triangle. Bibliography lists 4 sources
Filename: MHPasca2.rtf

Pierre de Fermat
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A 5 page research paper that looks at the life and contributions of Pierre de Fermat, the founder of modern number theory and probability theory. The writer also looks at Fermat's last theorem, the world's 'most famous unsolved mathematical puzzle.' Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: 99fermat.wps

Piggy Bank Cash Back Promotion
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A 3 page memo to Piggy Bank's product development team explaining the process of selecting hypotheses and the rationale of including a null hypothesis. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KSstatPigBnk.rtf

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